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Rashiduddin Fazlullah was grand vizier to the Mongol rulers of Iran. He was commissioned by the monarch Gazan Khan (1295-1304) to compile a history of all the peoples of the world. He set up a charitable foundation outside Tabriz, which included a hospital, pharmacy, a theological school, a school for orphans, a scriptorium and a library. He was put to death in 1318. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

Wheeler M. Thackston is an orientalist and a distinguished translator and editor of Persian and Arabic historical and literary works. Author of a number of noted Persian and Arabic grammars, he is Emeritus Professor, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilzations, Harvard University. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

Rashiduddin Fazlullah was grand vizier to the Mongol rulers of Iran. He was commissioned by the monarch Gazan Khan (1295-1304) to compile a history of all the peoples of the world. He set up a charitable foundation outside Tabriz, which included a hospital, pharmacy, a theological school, a school for orphans, a scriptorium and a library. He was put to death in 1318. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

Wheeler M. Thackston is an orientalist and a distinguished translator and editor of Persian and Arabic historical and literary works. Author of a number of noted Persian and Arabic grammars, he is Emeritus Professor, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilzations, Harvard University. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

Rashiduddin Fazlullah was grand vizier to the Mongol rulers of Iran. He was commissioned by the monarch Gazan Khan (1295-1304) to compile a history of all the peoples of the world. He set up a charitable foundation outside Tabriz, which included a hospital, pharmacy, a theological school, a school for orphans, a scriptorium and a library. He was put to death in 1318. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

Wheeler M. Thackston is an orientalist and a distinguished translator and editor of Persian and Arabic historical and literary works. Author of a number of noted Persian and Arabic grammars, he is Emeritus Professor, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilzations, Harvard University. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

Robert Hymes is H. W. Carpentier Professor of Chinese History at Columbia University. He received his BA from Columbia College (1972), and his MA (1976) and PhD (1979) from the University of Pennsylvania. Much of his work so far has focused on the social and cultural history of middle period and early modern China, drawing questions and sometimes data from cultural anthropology as well as history, and using the methods of the local historian to study elite culture, family and kinship, medicine, religion, and gender. His publications include Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung (Cambridge, 1987); Ordering the World: Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China (Berkeley, 1993, coedited with Conrad Schirokauer); and Way and Byway: Taoism, Local Religion, and Models of Divinity in Sung and Modern China (Berkeley, 2002). Both Statesmen and Gentlemen and Way and Byway won the Joseph Levenson Prize of the Association for Asian Studies for the best book on pre-1900 China in their years of publication. He is now working on two (he hopes) book-sized projects simultaneously: one on the notion of “belief” (xin) in the mentalités of middle-period China, and one on the origins of the Black Death in Central and East Asia, of which the present article is a preliminary product. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

Adriano Duque

Timothy May, Professor Central Eurasian History; University of North Georgia; author of The Mongol Empire (Edinburgh University Press, 2017); Encyclopedia of the Mongol Empire (ABC-Clio, 2017); The Mongol Conquests in World History (Reaktion, 2012). Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

George Lane is Senior Teaching Fellow in the History of the Middle East and Central Asia at SOAS in the University of London. His previous books are Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran, Genghiz Khan and Mongol Rule, Daily Life in the Mongol Empire and Silk Roads and Steppe Empires. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

Carolyne Larrington is Professor of Medieval European Literature at University of Oxford, UK. She is the author of The Women’s Companion to Mythology (1997), King Arthur’s Enchantresses (2006), The Land of the Green Man (2015) and Winter is Coming (2015), among others. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

Timothy May, Professor Central Eurasian History; University of North Georgia; author of The Mongol Empire (Edinburgh University Press, 2017); Encyclopedia of the Mongol Empire (ABC-Clio, 2017); The Mongol Conquests in World History (Reaktion, 2012). Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

Irene Bueno is Lecturer at the University of Bologna. She is author of Defining Heresy and editor of The Papacy and the Christian East. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.